orn - 1890
Died - 1988
Achievements - Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a
Pashtun political and spiritual leader of India. He
was widely respected for his non-violent
resistance to the British's sway over the country
and was known to be a devout follower of the
great Mahatma Gandhi.
Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a Pashtun political as
well as a spiritual leader of India. He was well-
known and respected for his non-violent
resistance to the British's sway over the entire
country. A lover of peace and harmony and a
devout follower of the great Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi, Abdul Ghaffar Khan used to
be called by people by many names like Badshah
Khan or Bacha Khan meaning 'King of Chiefs' and
Sarhaddi Gandhi. Read on to know more about
the biography of Abdul Ghaffar Khan.
Khan maintained a very close friendship with
Gandhiji, who advocated adherence of non-
violent methods for winning back freedom from
the hands of the British. The two of them
nurtured deep love and respect for one another
and worked in alliance till the time India gained
its independence in the year 1947. The leading
Khudai Khidmatgar organization, of which Abdul
Ghaffar Khan was reverent member, worked in
close partnership with the Indian National
Congress against the British Empire.
On many occasions, when other members of the
Indian National Congress disagreed with
Mahatma Gandhi on any particular issue, Abdul
Ghaffar Khan all throughout the life history of
their friendship, remained Gandhiji's strongest
supporter. He refused when the Congress
proffered him its presidency in 1931, but,
nevertheless remained a member of the
Congress Working Committee for a long time.
Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a champion of women's
rights and nonviolence and for this, the public
simply adored him.
His entire life, Khan's trust in the non-violent
methods or in the compatibility of Islam and
nonviolence never waned. So strong was his
kinship with Gandhiji that in India that he was
often referred to as the `Frontier Gandhi'. While
there were some Pashtuns who wanted to stay
united with India, others favored the creation of
Pakistan. Abdul Ghaffar Khan, however,
vehemently opposed the partition of India. As
such, he was often seen as anti-Muslim by some
Monday, October 18, 2010
sarojini naidu history
orn:
February
13, 1879
Died: March
2, 1949
Achievements: She was the first Indian woman
to become the President of the Indian National
Congress and the first woman to become the
governor of a state in India.
Sarojini Naidu was a distinguished poet,
renowned freedom fighter and one of the great
orators of her time. She was famously known as
Bharatiya Kokila (The Nightingale of India).
Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to
become the President of the Indian National
Congress and the first woman to become the
governor of a state in India.
Sarojini Naidu was born on February 13, 1879.
Her father Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya was a
scientist and philosopher. He was the founder of
the Nizam College, Hyderabad. Sarojini Naidu's
mother Barada Sundari Devi was a poetess and
used to write poetry in Bengali. Sarojini Naidu
was the eldest among the eight siblings. One of
her brothers Birendranath was a revolutionary
and her other brother Harindranath was a poet,
dramatist, and actor.
Sarojini Naidu was a brilliant student. She was
proficient in Urdu, Telugu, English, Bengali, and
Persian. At the age of twelve, Sarojini Naidu
attained national fame when she topped the
matriculation examination at Madras University.
Her father wanted her to become a
mathematician or scientist but Sarojini Naidu
was interested in poetry. She started writing
poems in English. Impressed by her poetry,
Nizam of Hyderabad, gave her scholarship to
study abroad. At the age of 16, she traveled to
England to study first at King's College London
and later at Girton College, Cambridge. There she
met famous laureates of her time such as Arthur
Simon and Edmond Gausse. It was Gausse who
convinced Sarojini to stick to Indian themes-
India's great mountains, rivers, temples, social
milieu, to express her poetry. She depicted
contemporary Indian life and events. Her
collections "The golden threshold (1905)", "The
bird of time (1912)", and "The broken wing
(1912)" attracted huge Indian and English
readership.
At the age of 15, she met Dr. Govindarajulu Naidu
and fell in love with him. a non-brahmin, and a
doctor by profession. After finishing her studies
at the age of 19, she married him during the
time when inter-caste marriages were not
allowed. It was a revolutionary step but
Sarojini's father fully supported her in her
endeavour. Sarojini Naidu had a happy married
life and had four children: Jayasurya, Padmaj,
Randheer, and Leilamani.
Sarojini Naidu joined the Indian national
movement in the wake of partition of Bengal in
1905. She came into contact with Gopal Krishna
Gokhale, Rabindranath Tagore, Muhammad Ali
Jinnah, Annie Besant, C.P.Rama Swami Iyer,
Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru. She awakened
the women of India. She brought them out of the
kitchen. She traveled from state to state, city
after city and asked for the rights of the women.
She re-established self-esteem within the
women of India.
In 1925, Sarojini Naidu presided over the annual
session of Indian National Congress at Kanpur.
Sarojini Naidu played a leading role during the
Civil Disobedience Movement and was jailed
along with Gandhiji and other leaders. In 1942,
Sarojini Naidu was arrested during the "Quit
India" movement and was jailed for 21 months
with Gandhiji. She shared a very warm
relationship with Gandhiji and used to call him
"Mickey Mouse".
After Independence, Sarojini Naidu became the
Governor of Uttar Pradesh. She was India's first
woman governor. Sarojini Naidu died in office
on March 2 ,1949.
February
13, 1879
Died: March
2, 1949
Achievements: She was the first Indian woman
to become the President of the Indian National
Congress and the first woman to become the
governor of a state in India.
Sarojini Naidu was a distinguished poet,
renowned freedom fighter and one of the great
orators of her time. She was famously known as
Bharatiya Kokila (The Nightingale of India).
Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to
become the President of the Indian National
Congress and the first woman to become the
governor of a state in India.
Sarojini Naidu was born on February 13, 1879.
Her father Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya was a
scientist and philosopher. He was the founder of
the Nizam College, Hyderabad. Sarojini Naidu's
mother Barada Sundari Devi was a poetess and
used to write poetry in Bengali. Sarojini Naidu
was the eldest among the eight siblings. One of
her brothers Birendranath was a revolutionary
and her other brother Harindranath was a poet,
dramatist, and actor.
Sarojini Naidu was a brilliant student. She was
proficient in Urdu, Telugu, English, Bengali, and
Persian. At the age of twelve, Sarojini Naidu
attained national fame when she topped the
matriculation examination at Madras University.
Her father wanted her to become a
mathematician or scientist but Sarojini Naidu
was interested in poetry. She started writing
poems in English. Impressed by her poetry,
Nizam of Hyderabad, gave her scholarship to
study abroad. At the age of 16, she traveled to
England to study first at King's College London
and later at Girton College, Cambridge. There she
met famous laureates of her time such as Arthur
Simon and Edmond Gausse. It was Gausse who
convinced Sarojini to stick to Indian themes-
India's great mountains, rivers, temples, social
milieu, to express her poetry. She depicted
contemporary Indian life and events. Her
collections "The golden threshold (1905)", "The
bird of time (1912)", and "The broken wing
(1912)" attracted huge Indian and English
readership.
At the age of 15, she met Dr. Govindarajulu Naidu
and fell in love with him. a non-brahmin, and a
doctor by profession. After finishing her studies
at the age of 19, she married him during the
time when inter-caste marriages were not
allowed. It was a revolutionary step but
Sarojini's father fully supported her in her
endeavour. Sarojini Naidu had a happy married
life and had four children: Jayasurya, Padmaj,
Randheer, and Leilamani.
Sarojini Naidu joined the Indian national
movement in the wake of partition of Bengal in
1905. She came into contact with Gopal Krishna
Gokhale, Rabindranath Tagore, Muhammad Ali
Jinnah, Annie Besant, C.P.Rama Swami Iyer,
Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru. She awakened
the women of India. She brought them out of the
kitchen. She traveled from state to state, city
after city and asked for the rights of the women.
She re-established self-esteem within the
women of India.
In 1925, Sarojini Naidu presided over the annual
session of Indian National Congress at Kanpur.
Sarojini Naidu played a leading role during the
Civil Disobedience Movement and was jailed
along with Gandhiji and other leaders. In 1942,
Sarojini Naidu was arrested during the "Quit
India" movement and was jailed for 21 months
with Gandhiji. She shared a very warm
relationship with Gandhiji and used to call him
"Mickey Mouse".
After Independence, Sarojini Naidu became the
Governor of Uttar Pradesh. She was India's first
woman governor. Sarojini Naidu died in office
on March 2 ,1949.
sardar patel history
rn:
October 31,
1875
Died:
December
15, 1950
Achievements: Successfully led Kheda
Satyagraha and Bardoli revolt against British
government; elected Ahmedabad's municipal
president in 1922, 1924 and 1927; elected
Congress President in 1931; was independent
India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home
Minister; played a key role in political integration
of India; conferred Bharat Ratna in 1991.
Sardar Patel was popularly known as Iron Man of
India. His full name was Vallabhbhai Patel. He
played a leading role in the Indian freedom
struggle and became the first Deputy Prime
Minister and Home Minister of India. He is
credited with achieving political integration of
India.
Vallabhbhai Patel was born on October 31, 1875
in Nadiad, a small village in Gujarat. His father
Jhaverbhai was a farmer and mother Laad Bai
was a simple lady. Sardar Vallabhai's early
education took place in Karamsad. Then he
joined a school in Petlad. After two years he
joined a high school in a town called Nadiad. He
passed his high school examination in 1896.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was a brilliant student
throughout his schooling.
Vallabhbhai wanted to become a barrister. To
realize this ambition he had to go to England.
But he did not have the financial means to even
join a college India. In those days a candidate
could study in private and sit for an examination
in Law. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel borrowed
books from a lawyer of his acquaintance and
studied at home. Occasionally he attended courts
of law and listened attentively to the arguments
of lawyer. Vallabhbhai passed the Law
examination with flying colours.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel started his Law practice
in Godhra. Soon his practice flourished. He got
married to Jhaberaba. In 1904, he got a baby
daughter Maniben, and in 1905 his son
Dahyabhai was born. Vallabhbhai sent his elder
brother Vitthalbhai, who himself was a lawyer,
to England for higher studies in Law. Patel was
only thirty-three years old when his wife died.
He did not wish to marry again. After his
brother's return, Vallabhbhai went to England.
He studied with single-minded devotion and
stood first in the Barrister-at-Law Examination.
Sardar Patel returned to India in 1913 and
started his practice in Ahmedabad. Soon he
became popular. At the urging of his friends,
Patel contested and won elections to become the
sanitation commissioner of Ahmedabad in 1917.
Sardar Patel was deeply impressed by Gandhiji's
success in Champaran Satyagraha. In 1918, there
was a drought in the Kheda division of Gujarat.
Peasants asked for relief from the high rate of
taxes but the British government refused.
Gandhiji took up peasants cause but could not
devote his full time in Kheda. He was looking for
someone who could lead the struggle in his
absence. At this point Sardar Patel volunteered
to come forward and lead the struggle. He gave
up his lucrative legal practice and entered public
life.
Vallabhbhai successfully led peasants revolt in
Kheda and the revolt ended in 1919 when the
British government agreed to suspend collection
of revenue and roll back the rates. Kheda
Satyagraha turned Vallabhbhai Patel into a
national hero. Vallabhbhai supported Gandhi's
Non-Cooperation Movement, and as president of
the Gujarat Congress, helped in organizing
bonfires of British goods in Ahmedabad. He gave
up his English clothes and started wearing Khadi.
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was elected
Ahmedabad's municipal president in 1922, 1924
and 1927. During his terms, Ahmedabad was
extended a major supply of electricity and
underwent major education reforms. Drainage
and sanitation systems were extended over all
the city.
In 1928, Bardoli Taluka in Gujarat suffered from
floods and famine. In this hour of distress the
British government raised the revenue taxes by
thirty percent. Sardar Patel took up cudgels on
behalf of the farmers and appealed to the
Governor to reduce the taxes. The Governor
refused and the government even announced
the date of the collection of the taxes. Sardar
Patel organized the farmers and told them not to
pay even a single pie of tax. The government
tried to repress the revolt but ultimately bowed
before Vallabhbhai Patel. It was during the
struggle and after the victory in Bardoli that
caused intense excitement across India, that
Patel was increasingly addressed by his
colleagues and followers as Sardar.
Disobedience Movement in 1930. After the
signing of Gandhi-Irwin pact in 1931, Sardar
Patel was released and he was elected Congress
president for its 1931 session in Karachi. Upon
the failure of the Round Table Conference in
London, Gandhiji and Sardar Patel were arrested
in January 1932 and imprisoned in the Yeravada
Central Jail. During this term of imprisonment,
Sardar Patel and Mahatma Gandhi grew close to
one another, and the two developed a close
bond of affection, trust, and frankness without
reserve. Sardar Patel was finally released in July
1934.
In August 1942, the Congress launched the Quit
India Movement. The government jailed all the
important leaders of the Congress, including
Vallabhai Patel. All the leaders were released
after three years. After achieving independence
on 15th of August 1947, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
became the first Prime Minister of independent
India and Sardar Patel became the Deputy Prime
Minister. He was in charge of Home Affairs,
Information and Broadcasting and the Ministry
of States.
There were 565 princely states in India at that
time. Some of the Maharajas and Nawabs who
ruled over these were sensible and patriotic. But
most of them were drunk with wealth and
power. They were dreaming of becoming
independent rulers once the British quit India.
They argued that the government of free India
should treat them as equals. Some of them went
to the extent of planning to send their
representatives to the United Nations
Organization. Patel invoked the patriotism of
India's monarchs, asking them to join in the
freedom of their nation and act as responsible
rulers who cared about the future of their
people. He persuaded the princes of 565 states of
the impossibility of independence from the
Indian republic, especially in the presence of
growing opposition from their subjects. With
great wisdom and political foresight, he
consolidated the small kingdoms. The public was
with him. He tackled the Nizam of Hyderabad
and the Nawab of Junagarh who initially did not
want to join India. Sardar Patel's untiring efforts
towards the unity of the country brought
success. He united a scattered nation without
much bloodshed. Due to the achievement of this
massive task, Sardar Patel got the title of 'Iron
Man'. Sardar Patel died of cardiac arrest on
December 15, 1950. For his services to the nation
Sardar Patel was conferred with Bharat Ratna in
1991.
October 31,
1875
Died:
December
15, 1950
Achievements: Successfully led Kheda
Satyagraha and Bardoli revolt against British
government; elected Ahmedabad's municipal
president in 1922, 1924 and 1927; elected
Congress President in 1931; was independent
India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home
Minister; played a key role in political integration
of India; conferred Bharat Ratna in 1991.
Sardar Patel was popularly known as Iron Man of
India. His full name was Vallabhbhai Patel. He
played a leading role in the Indian freedom
struggle and became the first Deputy Prime
Minister and Home Minister of India. He is
credited with achieving political integration of
India.
Vallabhbhai Patel was born on October 31, 1875
in Nadiad, a small village in Gujarat. His father
Jhaverbhai was a farmer and mother Laad Bai
was a simple lady. Sardar Vallabhai's early
education took place in Karamsad. Then he
joined a school in Petlad. After two years he
joined a high school in a town called Nadiad. He
passed his high school examination in 1896.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was a brilliant student
throughout his schooling.
Vallabhbhai wanted to become a barrister. To
realize this ambition he had to go to England.
But he did not have the financial means to even
join a college India. In those days a candidate
could study in private and sit for an examination
in Law. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel borrowed
books from a lawyer of his acquaintance and
studied at home. Occasionally he attended courts
of law and listened attentively to the arguments
of lawyer. Vallabhbhai passed the Law
examination with flying colours.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel started his Law practice
in Godhra. Soon his practice flourished. He got
married to Jhaberaba. In 1904, he got a baby
daughter Maniben, and in 1905 his son
Dahyabhai was born. Vallabhbhai sent his elder
brother Vitthalbhai, who himself was a lawyer,
to England for higher studies in Law. Patel was
only thirty-three years old when his wife died.
He did not wish to marry again. After his
brother's return, Vallabhbhai went to England.
He studied with single-minded devotion and
stood first in the Barrister-at-Law Examination.
Sardar Patel returned to India in 1913 and
started his practice in Ahmedabad. Soon he
became popular. At the urging of his friends,
Patel contested and won elections to become the
sanitation commissioner of Ahmedabad in 1917.
Sardar Patel was deeply impressed by Gandhiji's
success in Champaran Satyagraha. In 1918, there
was a drought in the Kheda division of Gujarat.
Peasants asked for relief from the high rate of
taxes but the British government refused.
Gandhiji took up peasants cause but could not
devote his full time in Kheda. He was looking for
someone who could lead the struggle in his
absence. At this point Sardar Patel volunteered
to come forward and lead the struggle. He gave
up his lucrative legal practice and entered public
life.
Vallabhbhai successfully led peasants revolt in
Kheda and the revolt ended in 1919 when the
British government agreed to suspend collection
of revenue and roll back the rates. Kheda
Satyagraha turned Vallabhbhai Patel into a
national hero. Vallabhbhai supported Gandhi's
Non-Cooperation Movement, and as president of
the Gujarat Congress, helped in organizing
bonfires of British goods in Ahmedabad. He gave
up his English clothes and started wearing Khadi.
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was elected
Ahmedabad's municipal president in 1922, 1924
and 1927. During his terms, Ahmedabad was
extended a major supply of electricity and
underwent major education reforms. Drainage
and sanitation systems were extended over all
the city.
In 1928, Bardoli Taluka in Gujarat suffered from
floods and famine. In this hour of distress the
British government raised the revenue taxes by
thirty percent. Sardar Patel took up cudgels on
behalf of the farmers and appealed to the
Governor to reduce the taxes. The Governor
refused and the government even announced
the date of the collection of the taxes. Sardar
Patel organized the farmers and told them not to
pay even a single pie of tax. The government
tried to repress the revolt but ultimately bowed
before Vallabhbhai Patel. It was during the
struggle and after the victory in Bardoli that
caused intense excitement across India, that
Patel was increasingly addressed by his
colleagues and followers as Sardar.
Disobedience Movement in 1930. After the
signing of Gandhi-Irwin pact in 1931, Sardar
Patel was released and he was elected Congress
president for its 1931 session in Karachi. Upon
the failure of the Round Table Conference in
London, Gandhiji and Sardar Patel were arrested
in January 1932 and imprisoned in the Yeravada
Central Jail. During this term of imprisonment,
Sardar Patel and Mahatma Gandhi grew close to
one another, and the two developed a close
bond of affection, trust, and frankness without
reserve. Sardar Patel was finally released in July
1934.
In August 1942, the Congress launched the Quit
India Movement. The government jailed all the
important leaders of the Congress, including
Vallabhai Patel. All the leaders were released
after three years. After achieving independence
on 15th of August 1947, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
became the first Prime Minister of independent
India and Sardar Patel became the Deputy Prime
Minister. He was in charge of Home Affairs,
Information and Broadcasting and the Ministry
of States.
There were 565 princely states in India at that
time. Some of the Maharajas and Nawabs who
ruled over these were sensible and patriotic. But
most of them were drunk with wealth and
power. They were dreaming of becoming
independent rulers once the British quit India.
They argued that the government of free India
should treat them as equals. Some of them went
to the extent of planning to send their
representatives to the United Nations
Organization. Patel invoked the patriotism of
India's monarchs, asking them to join in the
freedom of their nation and act as responsible
rulers who cared about the future of their
people. He persuaded the princes of 565 states of
the impossibility of independence from the
Indian republic, especially in the presence of
growing opposition from their subjects. With
great wisdom and political foresight, he
consolidated the small kingdoms. The public was
with him. He tackled the Nizam of Hyderabad
and the Nawab of Junagarh who initially did not
want to join India. Sardar Patel's untiring efforts
towards the unity of the country brought
success. He united a scattered nation without
much bloodshed. Due to the achievement of this
massive task, Sardar Patel got the title of 'Iron
Man'. Sardar Patel died of cardiac arrest on
December 15, 1950. For his services to the nation
Sardar Patel was conferred with Bharat Ratna in
1991.
sardar patel history
rn:
October 31,
1875
Died:
December
15, 1950
Achievements: Successfully led Kheda
Satyagraha and Bardoli revolt against British
government; elected Ahmedabad's municipal
president in 1922, 1924 and 1927; elected
Congress President in 1931; was independent
India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home
Minister; played a key role in political integration
of India; conferred Bharat Ratna in 1991.
Sardar Patel was popularly known as Iron Man of
India. His full name was Vallabhbhai Patel. He
played a leading role in the Indian freedom
struggle and became the first Deputy Prime
Minister and Home Minister of India. He is
credited with achieving political integration of
India.
Vallabhbhai Patel was born on October 31, 1875
in Nadiad, a small village in Gujarat. His father
Jhaverbhai was a farmer and mother Laad Bai
was a simple lady. Sardar Vallabhai's early
education took place in Karamsad. Then he
joined a school in Petlad. After two years he
joined a high school in a town called Nadiad. He
passed his high school examination in 1896.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was a brilliant student
throughout his schooling.
Vallabhbhai wanted to become a barrister. To
realize this ambition he had to go to England.
But he did not have the financial means to even
join a college India. In those days a candidate
could study in private and sit for an examination
in Law. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel borrowed
books from a lawyer of his acquaintance and
studied at home. Occasionally he attended courts
of law and listened attentively to the arguments
of lawyer. Vallabhbhai passed the Law
examination with flying colours.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel started his Law practice
in Godhra. Soon his practice flourished. He got
married to Jhaberaba. In 1904, he got a baby
daughter Maniben, and in 1905 his son
Dahyabhai was born. Vallabhbhai sent his elder
brother Vitthalbhai, who himself was a lawyer,
to England for higher studies in Law. Patel was
only thirty-three years old when his wife died.
He did not wish to marry again. After his
brother's return, Vallabhbhai went to England.
He studied with single-minded devotion and
stood first in the Barrister-at-Law Examination.
Sardar Patel returned to India in 1913 and
started his practice in Ahmedabad. Soon he
became popular. At the urging of his friends,
Patel contested and won elections to become the
sanitation commissioner of Ahmedabad in 1917.
Sardar Patel was deeply impressed by Gandhiji's
success in Champaran Satyagraha. In 1918, there
was a drought in the Kheda division of Gujarat.
Peasants asked for relief from the high rate of
taxes but the British government refused.
Gandhiji took up peasants cause but could not
devote his full time in Kheda. He was looking for
someone who could lead the struggle in his
absence. At this point Sardar Patel volunteered
to come forward and lead the struggle. He gave
up his lucrative legal practice and entered public
life.
Vallabhbhai successfully led peasants revolt in
Kheda and the revolt ended in 1919 when the
British government agreed to suspend collection
of revenue and roll back the rates. Kheda
Satyagraha turned Vallabhbhai Patel into a
national hero. Vallabhbhai supported Gandhi's
Non-Cooperation Movement, and as president of
the Gujarat Congress, helped in organizing
bonfires of British goods in Ahmedabad. He gave
up his English clothes and started wearing Khadi.
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was elected
Ahmedabad's municipal president in 1922, 1924
and 1927. During his terms, Ahmedabad was
extended a major supply of electricity and
underwent major education reforms. Drainage
and sanitation systems were extended over all
the city.
In 1928, Bardoli Taluka in Gujarat suffered from
floods and famine. In this hour of distress the
British government raised the revenue taxes by
thirty percent. Sardar Patel took up cudgels on
behalf of the farmers and appealed to the
Governor to reduce the taxes. The Governor
refused and the government even announced
the date of the collection of the taxes. Sardar
Patel organized the farmers and told them not to
pay even a single pie of tax. The government
tried to repress the revolt but ultimately bowed
before Vallabhbhai Patel. It was during the
struggle and after the victory in Bardoli that
caused intense excitement across India, that
Patel was increasingly addressed by his
colleagues and followers as Sardar.
Disobedience Movement in 1930. After the
signing of Gandhi-Irwin pact in 1931, Sardar
Patel was released and he was elected Congress
president for its 1931 session in Karachi. Upon
the failure of the Round Table Conference in
London, Gandhiji and Sardar Patel were arrested
in January 1932 and imprisoned in the Yeravada
Central Jail. During this term of imprisonment,
Sardar Patel and Mahatma Gandhi grew close to
one another, and the two developed a close
bond of affection, trust, and frankness without
reserve. Sardar Patel was finally released in July
1934.
In August 1942, the Congress launched the Quit
India Movement. The government jailed all the
important leaders of the Congress, including
Vallabhai Patel. All the leaders were released
after three years. After achieving independence
on 15th of August 1947, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
became the first Prime Minister of independent
India and Sardar Patel became the Deputy Prime
Minister. He was in charge of Home Affairs,
Information and Broadcasting and the Ministry
of States.
There were 565 princely states in India at that
time. Some of the Maharajas and Nawabs who
ruled over these were sensible and patriotic. But
most of them were drunk with wealth and
power. They were dreaming of becoming
independent rulers once the British quit India.
They argued that the government of free India
should treat them as equals. Some of them went
to the extent of planning to send their
representatives to the United Nations
Organization. Patel invoked the patriotism of
India's monarchs, asking them to join in the
freedom of their nation and act as responsible
rulers who cared about the future of their
people. He persuaded the princes of 565 states of
the impossibility of independence from the
Indian republic, especially in the presence of
growing opposition from their subjects. With
great wisdom and political foresight, he
consolidated the small kingdoms. The public was
with him. He tackled the Nizam of Hyderabad
and the Nawab of Junagarh who initially did not
want to join India. Sardar Patel's untiring efforts
towards the unity of the country brought
success. He united a scattered nation without
much bloodshed. Due to the achievement of this
massive task, Sardar Patel got the title of 'Iron
Man'. Sardar Patel died of cardiac arrest on
December 15, 1950. For his services to the nation
Sardar Patel was conferred with Bharat Ratna in
1991.
October 31,
1875
Died:
December
15, 1950
Achievements: Successfully led Kheda
Satyagraha and Bardoli revolt against British
government; elected Ahmedabad's municipal
president in 1922, 1924 and 1927; elected
Congress President in 1931; was independent
India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home
Minister; played a key role in political integration
of India; conferred Bharat Ratna in 1991.
Sardar Patel was popularly known as Iron Man of
India. His full name was Vallabhbhai Patel. He
played a leading role in the Indian freedom
struggle and became the first Deputy Prime
Minister and Home Minister of India. He is
credited with achieving political integration of
India.
Vallabhbhai Patel was born on October 31, 1875
in Nadiad, a small village in Gujarat. His father
Jhaverbhai was a farmer and mother Laad Bai
was a simple lady. Sardar Vallabhai's early
education took place in Karamsad. Then he
joined a school in Petlad. After two years he
joined a high school in a town called Nadiad. He
passed his high school examination in 1896.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was a brilliant student
throughout his schooling.
Vallabhbhai wanted to become a barrister. To
realize this ambition he had to go to England.
But he did not have the financial means to even
join a college India. In those days a candidate
could study in private and sit for an examination
in Law. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel borrowed
books from a lawyer of his acquaintance and
studied at home. Occasionally he attended courts
of law and listened attentively to the arguments
of lawyer. Vallabhbhai passed the Law
examination with flying colours.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel started his Law practice
in Godhra. Soon his practice flourished. He got
married to Jhaberaba. In 1904, he got a baby
daughter Maniben, and in 1905 his son
Dahyabhai was born. Vallabhbhai sent his elder
brother Vitthalbhai, who himself was a lawyer,
to England for higher studies in Law. Patel was
only thirty-three years old when his wife died.
He did not wish to marry again. After his
brother's return, Vallabhbhai went to England.
He studied with single-minded devotion and
stood first in the Barrister-at-Law Examination.
Sardar Patel returned to India in 1913 and
started his practice in Ahmedabad. Soon he
became popular. At the urging of his friends,
Patel contested and won elections to become the
sanitation commissioner of Ahmedabad in 1917.
Sardar Patel was deeply impressed by Gandhiji's
success in Champaran Satyagraha. In 1918, there
was a drought in the Kheda division of Gujarat.
Peasants asked for relief from the high rate of
taxes but the British government refused.
Gandhiji took up peasants cause but could not
devote his full time in Kheda. He was looking for
someone who could lead the struggle in his
absence. At this point Sardar Patel volunteered
to come forward and lead the struggle. He gave
up his lucrative legal practice and entered public
life.
Vallabhbhai successfully led peasants revolt in
Kheda and the revolt ended in 1919 when the
British government agreed to suspend collection
of revenue and roll back the rates. Kheda
Satyagraha turned Vallabhbhai Patel into a
national hero. Vallabhbhai supported Gandhi's
Non-Cooperation Movement, and as president of
the Gujarat Congress, helped in organizing
bonfires of British goods in Ahmedabad. He gave
up his English clothes and started wearing Khadi.
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was elected
Ahmedabad's municipal president in 1922, 1924
and 1927. During his terms, Ahmedabad was
extended a major supply of electricity and
underwent major education reforms. Drainage
and sanitation systems were extended over all
the city.
In 1928, Bardoli Taluka in Gujarat suffered from
floods and famine. In this hour of distress the
British government raised the revenue taxes by
thirty percent. Sardar Patel took up cudgels on
behalf of the farmers and appealed to the
Governor to reduce the taxes. The Governor
refused and the government even announced
the date of the collection of the taxes. Sardar
Patel organized the farmers and told them not to
pay even a single pie of tax. The government
tried to repress the revolt but ultimately bowed
before Vallabhbhai Patel. It was during the
struggle and after the victory in Bardoli that
caused intense excitement across India, that
Patel was increasingly addressed by his
colleagues and followers as Sardar.
Disobedience Movement in 1930. After the
signing of Gandhi-Irwin pact in 1931, Sardar
Patel was released and he was elected Congress
president for its 1931 session in Karachi. Upon
the failure of the Round Table Conference in
London, Gandhiji and Sardar Patel were arrested
in January 1932 and imprisoned in the Yeravada
Central Jail. During this term of imprisonment,
Sardar Patel and Mahatma Gandhi grew close to
one another, and the two developed a close
bond of affection, trust, and frankness without
reserve. Sardar Patel was finally released in July
1934.
In August 1942, the Congress launched the Quit
India Movement. The government jailed all the
important leaders of the Congress, including
Vallabhai Patel. All the leaders were released
after three years. After achieving independence
on 15th of August 1947, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
became the first Prime Minister of independent
India and Sardar Patel became the Deputy Prime
Minister. He was in charge of Home Affairs,
Information and Broadcasting and the Ministry
of States.
There were 565 princely states in India at that
time. Some of the Maharajas and Nawabs who
ruled over these were sensible and patriotic. But
most of them were drunk with wealth and
power. They were dreaming of becoming
independent rulers once the British quit India.
They argued that the government of free India
should treat them as equals. Some of them went
to the extent of planning to send their
representatives to the United Nations
Organization. Patel invoked the patriotism of
India's monarchs, asking them to join in the
freedom of their nation and act as responsible
rulers who cared about the future of their
people. He persuaded the princes of 565 states of
the impossibility of independence from the
Indian republic, especially in the presence of
growing opposition from their subjects. With
great wisdom and political foresight, he
consolidated the small kingdoms. The public was
with him. He tackled the Nizam of Hyderabad
and the Nawab of Junagarh who initially did not
want to join India. Sardar Patel's untiring efforts
towards the unity of the country brought
success. He united a scattered nation without
much bloodshed. Due to the achievement of this
massive task, Sardar Patel got the title of 'Iron
Man'. Sardar Patel died of cardiac arrest on
December 15, 1950. For his services to the nation
Sardar Patel was conferred with Bharat Ratna in
1991.
Dr.Rajendra prasad history
orn:
December
3, 1884
Died:
February
28, 1963
Achievements: First President of independent
India; President of the Constituent Assembly;
President of Congress in 1943 and 1939.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first President of
independent India. He was the President of the
Constituent Assembly that drafted the
Constitution. He had also served as a Cabinet
Minister briefly in the first Government of
independent India. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was one
of the foremost disciples of Gandhiji and he
played a crucial role in Indian freedom struggle.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was born on December 3,
1884 in Ziradei village in Siwan district of Bihar.
His father's name was Mahadev Sahay and his
mother's name was Kamleshwari Devi. Rajendra
Prasad was youngest among his siblings.
Mahadev Sahay was a Persian and Sanskrit
language scholar. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was
greatly attached to his mother and elder brother
Mahendra.
At the age of five Rajendra Prasad was, according
to the practice in the community to which he
belonged, put under a Maulavi who taught him
Persian. Later, he was taught Hindi and
arithmetic. At the age of 12, Rajendra Prasad was
married to Rajvanshi Devi.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was a brilliant student. He
stood first in the entrance examination to the
University of Calcutta, and was awarded a
monthly scholarship of Rs.30. He joined the
famous Calcutta Presidency College in 1902. Here
his teachers included the great scientist Jagdish
Chandra Ray and the highly respected Prafulla
Chandra Roy. Later on he switched from Science
to Arts and completed his M.A. and Masters in
Law. Meanwhile, in 1905, Doctor, Rajendra Prasad
was initiated into the Swadeshi Movement by his
elder brother Mahendra. He also joined the Dawn
Society run by Satish Chandra Mukherjee, and
Sister Nivedita.
The arrival of Mahatma Gandhi on the Indian
national scene greatly influenced Dr. Rajendra
Prasad. While Gandhiji was on a fact-finding
mission in Champaran district of Bihar, he called
on Rajendra Prasad to come to Champaran with
volunteers. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was greatly
impressed by the dedication, conviction and
courage that Gandhiji displayed. Gandhiji's
influence greatly altered Dr. Rajendra Prasad's
outlook. He sought ways to simplify his life and
reduced the number of servants he had to one.
He started doing his daily chores such as
sweeping the floor, washing the utensils-the
tasks he had all along assumed others would do
for him.
After coming into contact with Gandhiji, Dr.
Rajendra Prasad, immersed himself fully into the
freedom struggle. He played a active role during
Non-Cooperation Movement. Dr. Rajendra Prasad
was arrested in 1930 while participating in Salt
Satyagraha. He was in jail when on 15 January
1934 a devastating earthquake struck Bihar.
Rajendra Prasad was released from the jail two
days later and he immediately set himself for the
task of raising funds and organizing relief. The
Viceroy also raised a fund for the purpose.
However, while Rajendra Prasad's fund collected
over Rs.3.8million, the Viceroy could only
manage one-third of that amount. The way the
relief was organized, it amply demonstrated the
administrative acumen of Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
Soon after this Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected as
the President of the Bombay session of the
Indian National Congress. He was elected as
Congress President again in 1939 in the
following the resignation of Netaji Subash
Chandra Bose.
In July 1946, when the Constituent Assembly was
established to frame the Constitution of India, Dr.
Rajendra Prasad was elected its President. Two
and a half years after independence, on January
26, 1950, the Constitution of independent India
was ratified and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected
as India's first President. As a President, he used
his moderating influence silently and
unobtrusively and set a healthy precedent for
others to follow. During his tenure as President
he visited many countries on missions of
goodwill and sought to establish and nourish
new relationships.
In 1962, after 12 years as President, Dr. Rajendra
Prasad retired, and was subsequently awarded
the Bharat Ratna, the nation's highest civilian
award. He spent the last few months of his life in
retirement at the Sadaqat Ashram in Patna. Dr.
Rajendra Prasad died on February 28, 1963.
December
3, 1884
Died:
February
28, 1963
Achievements: First President of independent
India; President of the Constituent Assembly;
President of Congress in 1943 and 1939.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first President of
independent India. He was the President of the
Constituent Assembly that drafted the
Constitution. He had also served as a Cabinet
Minister briefly in the first Government of
independent India. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was one
of the foremost disciples of Gandhiji and he
played a crucial role in Indian freedom struggle.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was born on December 3,
1884 in Ziradei village in Siwan district of Bihar.
His father's name was Mahadev Sahay and his
mother's name was Kamleshwari Devi. Rajendra
Prasad was youngest among his siblings.
Mahadev Sahay was a Persian and Sanskrit
language scholar. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was
greatly attached to his mother and elder brother
Mahendra.
At the age of five Rajendra Prasad was, according
to the practice in the community to which he
belonged, put under a Maulavi who taught him
Persian. Later, he was taught Hindi and
arithmetic. At the age of 12, Rajendra Prasad was
married to Rajvanshi Devi.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was a brilliant student. He
stood first in the entrance examination to the
University of Calcutta, and was awarded a
monthly scholarship of Rs.30. He joined the
famous Calcutta Presidency College in 1902. Here
his teachers included the great scientist Jagdish
Chandra Ray and the highly respected Prafulla
Chandra Roy. Later on he switched from Science
to Arts and completed his M.A. and Masters in
Law. Meanwhile, in 1905, Doctor, Rajendra Prasad
was initiated into the Swadeshi Movement by his
elder brother Mahendra. He also joined the Dawn
Society run by Satish Chandra Mukherjee, and
Sister Nivedita.
The arrival of Mahatma Gandhi on the Indian
national scene greatly influenced Dr. Rajendra
Prasad. While Gandhiji was on a fact-finding
mission in Champaran district of Bihar, he called
on Rajendra Prasad to come to Champaran with
volunteers. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was greatly
impressed by the dedication, conviction and
courage that Gandhiji displayed. Gandhiji's
influence greatly altered Dr. Rajendra Prasad's
outlook. He sought ways to simplify his life and
reduced the number of servants he had to one.
He started doing his daily chores such as
sweeping the floor, washing the utensils-the
tasks he had all along assumed others would do
for him.
After coming into contact with Gandhiji, Dr.
Rajendra Prasad, immersed himself fully into the
freedom struggle. He played a active role during
Non-Cooperation Movement. Dr. Rajendra Prasad
was arrested in 1930 while participating in Salt
Satyagraha. He was in jail when on 15 January
1934 a devastating earthquake struck Bihar.
Rajendra Prasad was released from the jail two
days later and he immediately set himself for the
task of raising funds and organizing relief. The
Viceroy also raised a fund for the purpose.
However, while Rajendra Prasad's fund collected
over Rs.3.8million, the Viceroy could only
manage one-third of that amount. The way the
relief was organized, it amply demonstrated the
administrative acumen of Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
Soon after this Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected as
the President of the Bombay session of the
Indian National Congress. He was elected as
Congress President again in 1939 in the
following the resignation of Netaji Subash
Chandra Bose.
In July 1946, when the Constituent Assembly was
established to frame the Constitution of India, Dr.
Rajendra Prasad was elected its President. Two
and a half years after independence, on January
26, 1950, the Constitution of independent India
was ratified and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected
as India's first President. As a President, he used
his moderating influence silently and
unobtrusively and set a healthy precedent for
others to follow. During his tenure as President
he visited many countries on missions of
goodwill and sought to establish and nourish
new relationships.
In 1962, after 12 years as President, Dr. Rajendra
Prasad retired, and was subsequently awarded
the Bharat Ratna, the nation's highest civilian
award. He spent the last few months of his life in
retirement at the Sadaqat Ashram in Patna. Dr.
Rajendra Prasad died on February 28, 1963.
maulana abul kalam azad history
orn:
November
11, 1888
Died:
February
22, 1958
Achievements: Started a weekly journal Al Hilal
to increase the revolutionary recruits amongst
the Muslims; elected as Congress President in
1923 and 1940; became independent India's first
education minister.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad's real name was Abul
Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin. He was popularly
known as Maulana Azad. Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad was one of the foremost leaders of Indian
freedom struggle. He was also a renowned
scholar, and poet. Maulana Azad was well versed
in many languages viz. Arabic, English, Urdu,
Hindi, Persian and Bengali. Maulana Azad was a
brilliant debater, as indicated by his name, Abul
Kalam, which literally means "lord of dialogue".
He adopted the pen name 'Azad' as a mark of his
mental emancipation from a narrow view of
religion and life. Maulana Azad became
independent India's first education minister. For
his invaluable contribution to the nation,
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was posthumously
awarded India's highest civilian honour, Bharat
Ratna in 1992.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was born on
November 11, 1888 in Mecca. His forefather's
came from Herat (a city in Afghanistan) in
Babar's days. Azad was a descendent of a lineage
of learned Muslim scholars, or maulanas. His
mother was an Arab and the daughter of Sheikh
Mohammad Zaher Watri and his father, Maulana
Khairuddin, was a Bengali Muslim of Afghan
origins. Khairuddin left India during the Sepoy
Mutiny and proceeded to Mecca and settled
there. He came back to Calcutta with his family in
1890.
Because of his orthodox family background Azad
had to pursue traditional Islamic education. He
was taught at home, first by his father and later
by appointed teachers who were eminent in
their respective fields. Azad learned Arabic and
Persian first and then philosophy, geometry,
mathematics and algebra. He also learnt English,
world history, and politics through self study.
Azad was trained and educated to become a
clergyman. He wrote many works, reinterpreting
the Holy Quran. His erudition led him to
repudiate Taqliq or the tradition of conformity
and accept the principle of Tajdid or innovation.
He developed interest in the pan-Islamic
doctrines of Jamaluddin Afghani and the Aligarh
thought of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Imbued with
the pan-Islamic spirit, he visited Afghanistan,
Iraq, Egypt, Syria and Turkey. In Iraq he met the
exiled revolutionaries who were fighting to
establish a constitutional government in Iran. In
Egypt he met Shaikh Muhammad Abduh and
Saeed Pasha and other revolutionary activists of
the Arab world. He had a first hand knowledge of
the ideals and spirit of the Young Turks in
Constantinople. All these contacts
metamorphosed him into a nationalist
revolutionary.
On his return from abroad, Azad met two leading
revolutionaries of Bengal- Aurobindo Ghosh and
Sri Shyam Shundar Chakravarty,-and joined the
revolutionary movement against British rule.
Azad found that the revolutionary activities were
restricted to Bengal and Bihar. Within two years,
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, helped setup secret
revolutionary centers all over north India and
Bombay. During that time most of his
revolutionaries were anti-Muslim because they
felt that the British Government was using the
Muslim community against India's freedom
struggle. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad tried to
convince his colleagues to shed their hostility
towards Muslims.
In 1912, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad started a
weekly journal in Urdu called Al Hilal to increase
the revolutionary recruits amongst the Muslims.
Al-Hilal played an important role in forging
Hindu-Muslim unity after the bad blood created
between the two communities in the aftermath
of Morley-Minto reforms. Al Hilal became a
revolutionary mouthpiece ventilating extremist
views. The government regarded Al Hilal as
propogator of secessionist views and banned it
in 1914. Maulana Azad then started another
weekly called Al-Balagh with the same mission
of propagating Indian nationalism and
revolutionary ideas based on Hindu-Muslim
unity. In 1916, the government banned this
paper too and expelled Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
from Calcutta and interned him at Ranchi from
where he was released after the First World War
in 1920.
After his release, Azad roused the Muslim
community through the Khilafat Movement. The
aim of the movement was to re-instate the
Khalifa as the head of British captured Turkey.
Maulana Azad supported Non-Cooperation
Movement started by Gandhiji and entered
Indian National Congress in 1920. He was elected
as the president of the special session of the
Congress in Delhi (1923). Maulana Azad was
again arrested in 1930 for violation of the salt
laws as part of Gandhiji's Salt Satyagraha. He was
put in Meerut jail for a year and a half. Maulana
Azad became the president of Congress in 1940
(Ramgarh) and remained in the post till 1946. He
was a staunch opponent of partition and
supported a confederation of autonomous
provinces with their own constitutions but
common defence and economy. Partition hurt
him greatly and shattered his dream of an
unified nation where Hindus and Muslims can co-
exist and prosper together.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad served as the Minister
of Education in Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet
from 1947 to 1958. He died of a stroke on
February 22, 1958.
November
11, 1888
Died:
February
22, 1958
Achievements: Started a weekly journal Al Hilal
to increase the revolutionary recruits amongst
the Muslims; elected as Congress President in
1923 and 1940; became independent India's first
education minister.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad's real name was Abul
Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin. He was popularly
known as Maulana Azad. Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad was one of the foremost leaders of Indian
freedom struggle. He was also a renowned
scholar, and poet. Maulana Azad was well versed
in many languages viz. Arabic, English, Urdu,
Hindi, Persian and Bengali. Maulana Azad was a
brilliant debater, as indicated by his name, Abul
Kalam, which literally means "lord of dialogue".
He adopted the pen name 'Azad' as a mark of his
mental emancipation from a narrow view of
religion and life. Maulana Azad became
independent India's first education minister. For
his invaluable contribution to the nation,
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was posthumously
awarded India's highest civilian honour, Bharat
Ratna in 1992.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was born on
November 11, 1888 in Mecca. His forefather's
came from Herat (a city in Afghanistan) in
Babar's days. Azad was a descendent of a lineage
of learned Muslim scholars, or maulanas. His
mother was an Arab and the daughter of Sheikh
Mohammad Zaher Watri and his father, Maulana
Khairuddin, was a Bengali Muslim of Afghan
origins. Khairuddin left India during the Sepoy
Mutiny and proceeded to Mecca and settled
there. He came back to Calcutta with his family in
1890.
Because of his orthodox family background Azad
had to pursue traditional Islamic education. He
was taught at home, first by his father and later
by appointed teachers who were eminent in
their respective fields. Azad learned Arabic and
Persian first and then philosophy, geometry,
mathematics and algebra. He also learnt English,
world history, and politics through self study.
Azad was trained and educated to become a
clergyman. He wrote many works, reinterpreting
the Holy Quran. His erudition led him to
repudiate Taqliq or the tradition of conformity
and accept the principle of Tajdid or innovation.
He developed interest in the pan-Islamic
doctrines of Jamaluddin Afghani and the Aligarh
thought of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Imbued with
the pan-Islamic spirit, he visited Afghanistan,
Iraq, Egypt, Syria and Turkey. In Iraq he met the
exiled revolutionaries who were fighting to
establish a constitutional government in Iran. In
Egypt he met Shaikh Muhammad Abduh and
Saeed Pasha and other revolutionary activists of
the Arab world. He had a first hand knowledge of
the ideals and spirit of the Young Turks in
Constantinople. All these contacts
metamorphosed him into a nationalist
revolutionary.
On his return from abroad, Azad met two leading
revolutionaries of Bengal- Aurobindo Ghosh and
Sri Shyam Shundar Chakravarty,-and joined the
revolutionary movement against British rule.
Azad found that the revolutionary activities were
restricted to Bengal and Bihar. Within two years,
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, helped setup secret
revolutionary centers all over north India and
Bombay. During that time most of his
revolutionaries were anti-Muslim because they
felt that the British Government was using the
Muslim community against India's freedom
struggle. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad tried to
convince his colleagues to shed their hostility
towards Muslims.
In 1912, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad started a
weekly journal in Urdu called Al Hilal to increase
the revolutionary recruits amongst the Muslims.
Al-Hilal played an important role in forging
Hindu-Muslim unity after the bad blood created
between the two communities in the aftermath
of Morley-Minto reforms. Al Hilal became a
revolutionary mouthpiece ventilating extremist
views. The government regarded Al Hilal as
propogator of secessionist views and banned it
in 1914. Maulana Azad then started another
weekly called Al-Balagh with the same mission
of propagating Indian nationalism and
revolutionary ideas based on Hindu-Muslim
unity. In 1916, the government banned this
paper too and expelled Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
from Calcutta and interned him at Ranchi from
where he was released after the First World War
in 1920.
After his release, Azad roused the Muslim
community through the Khilafat Movement. The
aim of the movement was to re-instate the
Khalifa as the head of British captured Turkey.
Maulana Azad supported Non-Cooperation
Movement started by Gandhiji and entered
Indian National Congress in 1920. He was elected
as the president of the special session of the
Congress in Delhi (1923). Maulana Azad was
again arrested in 1930 for violation of the salt
laws as part of Gandhiji's Salt Satyagraha. He was
put in Meerut jail for a year and a half. Maulana
Azad became the president of Congress in 1940
(Ramgarh) and remained in the post till 1946. He
was a staunch opponent of partition and
supported a confederation of autonomous
provinces with their own constitutions but
common defence and economy. Partition hurt
him greatly and shattered his dream of an
unified nation where Hindus and Muslims can co-
exist and prosper together.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad served as the Minister
of Education in Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet
from 1947 to 1958. He died of a stroke on
February 22, 1958.
lala lajpat rai history
rn:
January 28,
1865
Martyrdom:
November17, 1928
Achievements: Popularly known as Lala Lajpat
Rai; Founded the Indian Home League Society of
America; became Congress President in 1920.
Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the foremost leaders
who fought against British rule in India. He was
popularly known as Punjab Kesari (Lion of the
Punjab).
Lala Lajpat Rai was born on January 28, 1865 in
village Dhudike, in present day Moga district of
Punjab. He was the eldest son of Munshi Radha
Kishan Azad and Gulab Devi. His father was an
Aggarwal Bania by caste. His mother inculcated
strong moral values in him.
Lala Lajpat Rai joined the Government College at
Lahore in 1880 to study Law. While in college he
came in contact with patriots and future
freedom fighters like Lala Hans Raj and Pandit
Guru Dutt. The three became fast friends and
joined the Arya Samaj founded by Swami Daya
Nand Saraswati. He passed his Vakilship
Examination in Second Division from
Government College in 1885 and started his legal
practice in Hissar. Besides practicing, Lalaji
collected funds for the Daya Nand College,
attended Arya Samaj functions and participated
in Congress activities. He was elected to the
Hissar municipality as a member and later as
secretary. He shifted to Lahore in 1892.
Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the three most
prominent Hindu Nationalist members of the
Indian National Congress. He was part of the Lal-
Bal-Pal trio. The other two members of the trio
were Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.
They formed the extremist faction of the Indian
National Congress, as opposed to the moderate
one led first by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Lalaji
actively participated in the struggle against
partition of Bengal. Along with Surendra Nath
Banerjee, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurorbindo
Ghosh, he galvanized Bengal and the nation in a
vigorous campaign of Swadeshi. Lalaji was
arrested on May 3, 1907 for creating "turmoil" in
Rawalpindi. He was put in Mandalay jail for six
months and was released on November 11, 1907.
Lalaji believed that it was important for the
national cause to organize propaganda in
foreign countries to explain India's position
because the freedom struggle had taken a
militant turn. He left for Britain in April 1914 for
this purpose. At this time First World War broke
out and he was unable to return to India. He
went to USA to galvanize support for India. He
founded the Indian Home League Society of
America and wrote a book called "Young India".
The book severely indicted British rule in India
and was banned in Britain and India even before
it was published. He was able to return to India
in 1920 after the end of World War.
After his return, Lala Lajpat Rai,led the Punjab
protests against the Jalianwala Bagh Massacre
and the Non-Cooperation Movement. He was
arrested several times. He disagreed with
Gandhiji's suspension of Non-Cooperation
movement due to the Chauri-Chaura incident,
and formed the Congress Independence Party,
which had a pro-Hindu slant.
In 1928, British Government decided to send
Simon Commission to India to discuss
constitutional reforms. The Commission had no
Indian member. This greatly angered Indians. In
1929, when the Commisssion came to India
there were protests all over India. Lala Lajpat Rai
himself led one such procession against Simon
Commission. While the procession was peaceful,
British Government brutally lathicharged the
procession. Lala Lajpat Rai received severe head
injuries and died on November17, 1928.
January 28,
1865
Martyrdom:
November17, 1928
Achievements: Popularly known as Lala Lajpat
Rai; Founded the Indian Home League Society of
America; became Congress President in 1920.
Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the foremost leaders
who fought against British rule in India. He was
popularly known as Punjab Kesari (Lion of the
Punjab).
Lala Lajpat Rai was born on January 28, 1865 in
village Dhudike, in present day Moga district of
Punjab. He was the eldest son of Munshi Radha
Kishan Azad and Gulab Devi. His father was an
Aggarwal Bania by caste. His mother inculcated
strong moral values in him.
Lala Lajpat Rai joined the Government College at
Lahore in 1880 to study Law. While in college he
came in contact with patriots and future
freedom fighters like Lala Hans Raj and Pandit
Guru Dutt. The three became fast friends and
joined the Arya Samaj founded by Swami Daya
Nand Saraswati. He passed his Vakilship
Examination in Second Division from
Government College in 1885 and started his legal
practice in Hissar. Besides practicing, Lalaji
collected funds for the Daya Nand College,
attended Arya Samaj functions and participated
in Congress activities. He was elected to the
Hissar municipality as a member and later as
secretary. He shifted to Lahore in 1892.
Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the three most
prominent Hindu Nationalist members of the
Indian National Congress. He was part of the Lal-
Bal-Pal trio. The other two members of the trio
were Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.
They formed the extremist faction of the Indian
National Congress, as opposed to the moderate
one led first by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Lalaji
actively participated in the struggle against
partition of Bengal. Along with Surendra Nath
Banerjee, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurorbindo
Ghosh, he galvanized Bengal and the nation in a
vigorous campaign of Swadeshi. Lalaji was
arrested on May 3, 1907 for creating "turmoil" in
Rawalpindi. He was put in Mandalay jail for six
months and was released on November 11, 1907.
Lalaji believed that it was important for the
national cause to organize propaganda in
foreign countries to explain India's position
because the freedom struggle had taken a
militant turn. He left for Britain in April 1914 for
this purpose. At this time First World War broke
out and he was unable to return to India. He
went to USA to galvanize support for India. He
founded the Indian Home League Society of
America and wrote a book called "Young India".
The book severely indicted British rule in India
and was banned in Britain and India even before
it was published. He was able to return to India
in 1920 after the end of World War.
After his return, Lala Lajpat Rai,led the Punjab
protests against the Jalianwala Bagh Massacre
and the Non-Cooperation Movement. He was
arrested several times. He disagreed with
Gandhiji's suspension of Non-Cooperation
movement due to the Chauri-Chaura incident,
and formed the Congress Independence Party,
which had a pro-Hindu slant.
In 1928, British Government decided to send
Simon Commission to India to discuss
constitutional reforms. The Commission had no
Indian member. This greatly angered Indians. In
1929, when the Commisssion came to India
there were protests all over India. Lala Lajpat Rai
himself led one such procession against Simon
Commission. While the procession was peaceful,
British Government brutally lathicharged the
procession. Lala Lajpat Rai received severe head
injuries and died on November17, 1928.
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